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Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy03:07

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The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.
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The word "gas" comes from the Flemish word meaning "chaos," first used to describe vapors by the chemist J. B. van Helmont. Consider a container filled with gas, with a continuous and random motion of molecules. During collisions, the velocity component parallel to the wall is unchanged, and the component perpendicular to the wall reverses direction but does not change in magnitude. If the molecule’s velocity changes in the x-direction, then its momentum is changed. During the short time of the...
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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging
08:40

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Published on: March 13, 2019

Thermally driven molecular linear motors: a molecular dynamics study.

H A Zambrano1, J H Walther, R L Jaffe

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|January 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Molecular dynamics simulations show that thermal gradients can control a molecular motor

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Engineering
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Molecular motors are crucial for nanoscale applications.
  • Controlling molecular motion is a key challenge in nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the controlled motion of a molecular linear motor.
  • To explore the use of thermophoretic forces for propulsion.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Modeling a system of coaxial carbon nanotubes.
  • Applying thermal gradients to induce thermophoretic forces.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high terminal velocities (100-400 nm/ns) for the inner nanotube.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

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  • Demonstrated control of motion via thermophoretic forces.
  • Observed velocity-dependent thermophoretic force, decreasing with increasing velocity.

    • Conclusions:

    • Thermal gradients offer a viable method for controlling molecular motor speed.
    • The studied carbon nanotube system shows potential for nanoscale propulsion applications.
    • Further research can optimize thermophoretic control for molecular machines.