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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Implementing strategies for hepatitis B vaccination.

Seyed Moayed Alavian1, Farahnaz Fallahian, Kamran Bagheri Lankarani

  • 1Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alavian@thc.ir

Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation : an Official Publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia
|January 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination programs are effective, but targeted strategies are needed for high-risk adolescents and adults. Routine screening and immunization are recommended for specific populations to control HBV transmission.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a significant global health burden.
  • Vaccination programs are crucial for controlling HBV transmission.
  • Understanding risk factors is essential for effective prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination programs on disease control.
  • To identify the need for additional strategies considering various transmission risk factors.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current immunization practices.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases like MEDLINE, EMBASE, and OVID.
  • Searches included terms related to vaccine administration, HBV risk factors, and vaccination impact.
  • Data was collected from English and Persian sources, including local websites and university journals.

Main Results:

  • Routine Extended Program of Immunization (EPI) for infants is recommended.
  • HBV vaccination should be implemented for adolescents at risk.
  • Mandatory screening and immunization are advised for pregnant women, healthcare workers, and other high-risk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Current HBV vaccination programs require supplementation with targeted strategies for specific populations.
  • Routine screening and vaccination are critical for individuals with risk factors for HBV infection.
  • Further research is necessary to determine the long-term effectiveness of immunization strategies.