Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Block Diagram Reduction

Block Diagram Reduction

The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Determination of the Hubble Space Telescope effective conic-constant error from direct image measurements.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Anastigmatic cassegrain type telescope.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Prime focus correctors involving aspherics.

Applied optics·2010

Same author

Flat-field spectrograph camera designs.

Applied optics·2010

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Automated Contraction Analysis of Human Engineered Heart Tissue for Cardiac Drug Safety Screening

Automated Contraction Analysis of Human Engineered Heart Tissue for Cardiac Drug Safety Screening

Published on: April 15, 2017

A hartmann test reduction program.

|January 12, 2010

Summary

A new Fortran program simplifies Hartmann test data reduction. This tool enhances accuracy for optical testing and analysis, making complex optical measurements more accessible.

Area of Science:

Optics
Computational Physics
Metrology

Background:

Hartmann test is a widely used optical testing method.
Data reduction for Hartmann tests can be complex and time-consuming.
Accurate data reduction is crucial for precise optical component characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a generalized Fortran program for Hartmann test data reduction.
To provide a user-friendly tool for optical metrology.
To improve the efficiency and accuracy of optical testing analysis.

Main Methods:

Development of a generalized Fortran program.
Implementation of mathematical techniques for data reduction.
Testing and validation of the program's accuracy.

More Related Videos

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Published on: April 19, 2019

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

Published on: September 8, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Automated Contraction Analysis of Human Engineered Heart Tissue for Cardiac Drug Safety Screening

Automated Contraction Analysis of Human Engineered Heart Tissue for Cardiac Drug Safety Screening

Published on: April 15, 2017

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Published on: April 19, 2019

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

Published on: September 8, 2015

Main Results:

A functional Fortran program for Hartmann test data analysis is available.
The program demonstrates high accuracy in data reduction.
Testing confirms the reliability of the developed algorithm.

Conclusions:

The generalized Fortran program effectively reduces Hartmann test data.
This program offers a valuable tool for optical engineers and researchers.
The developed method ensures accurate and efficient optical testing.