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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction
08:02

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction

Published on: January 22, 2020

Kickstarting Foxp3 with c-Rel.

Chyi-Song Hsieh1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Immunity
|January 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The transcription factor NF-kappaB-c-Rel is crucial for selecting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. This molecular mechanism is guided by T cell receptor specificity for self-antigens.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction
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Published on: January 22, 2020

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for immune homeostasis.
  • The selection of Tregs is a complex process influenced by various molecular signals.
  • T cell receptor (TCR) specificity plays a role in immune cell development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the selection of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.
  • To determine the role of the transcription factor NF-kappaB-c-Rel in Treg selection.
  • To elucidate how TCR specificity for self-antigens influences Treg development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression in developing T cells.
  • Studies involving transcription factor activity assays.
  • Investigating T cell receptor signaling pathways in response to self-antigens.

Main Results:

  • The transcription factor NF-kappaB-c-Rel was identified as a key mediator in Treg selection.
  • TCR specificity for self-antigens was shown to directly influence the activity of NF-kappaB-c-Rel.
  • NF-kappaB-c-Rel activity is essential for the commitment of T cells to the Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell lineage.

Conclusions:

  • NF-kappaB-c-Rel acts as a critical molecular switch in the instructive pathway for Treg selection.
  • Self-antigen recognition by TCRs leverages the NF-kappaB-c-Rel pathway to generate regulatory T cells.
  • These findings provide new insights into the development and function of regulatory T cells in maintaining immune tolerance.