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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
08:47

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells

Published on: May 1, 2020

HuD stimulates translation via eIF4A.

Chyi-Ying A Chen1, Ann-Bin Shyu

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, 77030, USA.

Molecular Cell
|January 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HuD protein enhances messenger RNA (mRNA) translation by directly interacting with eIF4A in the 5' cap-binding complex. This reveals a crucial posttranscriptional role for HuD in neuronal development and plasticity.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The regulation of gene expression is critical for cellular function, particularly in complex processes like neuronal development.
  • Posttranscriptional modifications, including mRNA translation, play a significant role in controlling protein synthesis.
  • The human antigen D (HuD) protein is known to bind to mRNA, but its precise role in translation has been under investigation.

Discussion:

  • Fukao et al. demonstrate that HuD directly interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A).
  • This interaction occurs within the 5' cap-binding complex, a key component of the mRNA translation machinery.
  • The findings highlight a novel mechanism by which HuD influences protein production.

Key Insights:

  • HuD acts as a positive regulator of mRNA translation.
  • Direct physical interaction between HuD and eIF4A is essential for this translational upregulation.
  • This study uncovers a significant posttranscriptional function for HuD.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore the specific downstream targets of HuD-mediated translational control in neurons.
  • Investigating HuD's role in neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological disorders may yield therapeutic insights.
  • Understanding this mechanism could lead to new strategies for modulating protein synthesis in various biological contexts.