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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

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Non-ionizing radiation safety program management--one corporation's approach.

Health physics·2004
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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Licensing a new industrial irradiator.

Nicolas K Bates1, Frederick B Entwistle

  • 13M Company, Corporate Health Physics, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA. nkbates18@mmm.com.

Health Physics
|January 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

3M successfully licensed a new medical product sterilization irradiator facility after a 22-month process involving six amendments and numerous submissions to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC). Key aspects included safety analyses and understanding regulatory perspectives for successful radiation safety licensing.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical product sterilization
  • Radiation safety engineering
  • Nuclear regulatory compliance

Background:

  • 3M initiated a project to build and license a new medical product sterilization irradiator facility.
  • The Corporate Health Physics department managed the complex licensing process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the licensing process for a new irradiator facility.
  • To review license amendments and key submissions to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC).
  • To identify lessons learned during the irradiator licensing journey.

Main Methods:

  • Submitted six license amendments and over 30 documents to the U.S. NRC.
  • Conducted four U.S. NRC site visits over approximately 22 months.
  • Addressed U.S. NRC inquiries regarding shielding calculations, safety protocols, and operational safety analyses.

Main Results:

  • The licensing process was successfully completed in approximately 22 months.
  • Key submissions included responses on bioshield shielding, radiation safety testing protocols, and dropped cask analyses.
  • Six license amendments were processed and approved.

Conclusions:

  • Successful irradiator facility licensing requires a deep understanding of U.S. NRC reviewer perspectives.
  • Thorough review of manufacturer packages and strong relationships with internal and external stakeholders are crucial.
  • Proactive engagement and clear communication are vital for navigating complex regulatory environments.