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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.

Angela Cozma1, Olga Orăşan, D Sâmpelean

  • 1Medical Clinic IV, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. angelacozma@yahoo.com

Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine = Revue Roumaine De Medecine Interne
|January 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Metabolic syndrome (MS) contributes to cardiovascular disease through endothelial dysfunction. Key abnormalities like insulin resistance and hyperglycemia impair nitric oxide pathways, increasing vascular risk.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome (MS), also known as insulin resistance syndrome, is linked to cardiovascular disease.
  • Research since 1988 has explored MS pathophysiology, epidemiology, prognosis, and treatment.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key concern in MS patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction.
  • To identify metabolic, hormonal, and hemostatic factors contributing to vascular damage in MS.
  • To explore the impact of MS on nitric oxide pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on metabolic syndrome and endothelial function.
  • Analysis of metabolic, hormonal, and hemostatic abnormalities in MS patients.
  • Examination of the effects of MS on nitric oxide synthesis and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic syndrome is associated with endothelial cell dysfunction.
  • Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and excess fatty acids contribute to this dysfunction.
  • Numerous factors including hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation are implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic syndrome significantly increases cardiovascular risk through endothelial dysfunction.
  • Impaired nitric oxide pathways are a likely mechanism.
  • Further research is needed to fully clarify the mechanisms involved.