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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Published on: October 20, 2023

Proximal sciatic nerve intraneural ganglion cyst.

Karin R Swartz¹, Dianne Wilson, Michael Boland

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.

Case Reports in Medicine

|January 14, 2010

Summary

Intraneural ganglion cysts are rare, non-cancerous cysts within nerves. This case highlights a proximal sciatic nerve cyst causing buttock and thigh pain, a location rarely reported.

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An In Vivo Murine Sciatic Nerve Model of Perineural Invasion

An In Vivo Murine Sciatic Nerve Model of Perineural Invasion

Published on: April 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Neurology
Orthopedic Surgery
Radiology

Background:

Intraneural ganglion cysts are benign, mucinous cysts originating from intra-articular joints, typically affecting the peroneal nerve.
These cysts arise from apyridinal communication between a joint and the nerve sheath.

Observation:

A 37-year-old female presented with debilitating left buttock and posterior thigh pain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a sciatic nerve mass at the sacral notch.

Findings:

The sciatic nerve mass was diagnosed as an intraneural ganglion cyst.
This cyst was confined to the proximal sciatic nerve, a location with very limited prior case reports.

Implications:

This case expands the known anatomical distribution of intraneural ganglion cysts.
Highlights the importance of considering intraneural ganglion cysts in the differential diagnosis of sciatic nerve pain.
Suggests the need for advanced imaging techniques for accurate diagnosis of sciatic nerve pathologies.