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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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Published on: November 15, 2013

The evolution of terrestrial-type planets.

D L Anderson

    Applied Optics
    |January 15, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Early Earth differentiation, driven by accretion energy, formed its core, crust, mantle, and atmosphere. Larger planets are more likely to differentiate extensively, unlike Mars which shows minor outgassing.

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    Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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    06:29

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    Published on: February 27, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Geophysics
    • Earth Science

    Background:

    • The internal state and formation ages of Earth provide constraints on terrestrial planet history.
    • Earth is a highly differentiated body, with surface rock ages indicating early differentiation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the early history of Earth and other terrestrial planets.
    • To understand the processes driving planetary differentiation and outgassing.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of Earth's internal state and surface rock ages.
    • Modeling of planetary accretion and differentiation processes.

    Main Results:

    • Gravitational and core formation energies drive Earth's differentiation into core, mantle, crust, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
    • Planetary size correlates with the extent of differentiation and outgassing.
    • Earth likely accreted rapidly (within 10^5 years), leading to simultaneous core formation and accretion.
    • Mars may accrete without significant differentiation or outgassing.

    Conclusions:

    • Early, rapid accretion and differentiation were crucial for Earth's current state.
    • Planetary size is a key factor in differentiation and outgassing processes.
    • Comparative planetology highlights distinct evolutionary pathways for terrestrial planets.