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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal
06:45

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal

Published on: January 14, 2018

Intersectin 1: a versatile actor in the synaptic vesicle cycle.

Arndt Pechstein1, Oleg Shupliakov, Volker Haucke

  • 1Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität and Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. arndtp@chemie.fu-berlin.de

Biochemical Society Transactions
|January 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Intersectin 1 (ITSN1) is a key regulator of synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling, linking neurotransmitter release and recovery. This adaptor protein orchestrates the exo- and endo-cytic processes essential for sustained synaptic transmission.

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Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay
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Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay

Published on: October 19, 2012

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal
06:45

In Vivo Single-Molecule Tracking at the Drosophila Presynaptic Motor Nerve Terminal

Published on: January 14, 2018

Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay
09:19

Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay

Published on: October 19, 2012

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicles (SVs) undergo exocytosis and endocytosis to maintain neurotransmission.
  • The coupling mechanisms between exocytosis and endocytosis at the presynaptic terminal are not fully understood.
  • Multimodular adaptor proteins are implicated in linking these spatially separated events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the role of intersectin 1 (ITSN1) in synaptic vesicle cycling.
  • To highlight ITSN1 as a central regulator of the exo- and endo-cytic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies investigating protein interactions and cellular mechanisms in synaptic vesicle cycling.

Main Results:

  • ITSN1, a multidomain scaffolding and adaptor protein, shuttles between active and periactive zones.
  • ITSN1 facilitates the assembly of protein complexes essential for SV exo- and endocytosis.
  • Evidence suggests ITSN1 plays a critical role in coordinating the SV cycle.

Conclusions:

  • ITSN1 is a central regulator of synaptic vesicle cycling.
  • Understanding ITSN1's function provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission.
  • ITSN1 bridges the gap between neurotransmitter release and vesicle recovery.