Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Laboratory diagnosis of loiasis to support individual patient management: A systematic review.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases·2026
Same author

Implementing community case management of malaria: Stakeholder insights on advancing equitable access in Kilifi County.

PLOS global public health·2026
Same author

Expert consensus on case definitions in human loiasis: a Delphi study.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Cryptic severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Maremma (Tuscany, Italy), 2024: a case report from a historically receptive area.

Travel medicine and infectious disease·2026
Same author

Frequency and persistence of post-acute symptoms after chikungunya, dengue, Zika and malaria in travellers: a prospective multi-centre study.

Journal of travel medicine·2026
Same author

High burden of autochthonous arboviral infections during the summer season in Verona province, Italy, during 2025.

The Journal of infection·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
10:21

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Echovirus-4 meningitis outbreak imported from India.

Federico Gobbi1, Guido Calleri, Claudia Spezia

  • 1Centre for Tropical Diseases, S. Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona Province, Italy. fedgobbi@tin.it

Journal of Travel Medicine
|January 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Seven young Italian travelers developed meningitis after returning from India. Virologic studies confirmed echovirus-4 as the cause, marking the first imported echovirus outbreak in Italy and highlighting enteroviruses in traveler fevers.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
10:21

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Travelers returning from endemic regions are at risk for infectious diseases.
  • Enteroviruses are a common cause of febrile illness, particularly in children.
  • Imported viral outbreaks pose a challenge to public health surveillance.

Observation:

  • Seven young Italian travelers returning from India presented with meningitis.
  • Clinical presentation was consistent with viral meningitis.
  • A cluster of cases suggested a common source of infection.

Findings:

  • Virologic studies identified echovirus-4 as the causative agent.
  • This represents the first documented imported echovirus outbreak in Italy.
  • Echovirus-4 was confirmed through molecular and serologic testing.

Implications:

  • Enteroviruses should be considered in the differential diagnosis of undiagnosed fevers in travelers.
  • Enhanced surveillance for imported viral infections is crucial.
  • Understanding travel-related infectious disease transmission is vital for prevention.