Structure, spatial, and temporal expression of two sea urchin metallothionein genes, SpMTB1 and SpMTA

The metallothionein-B genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus encode a metallothionein (MT) isoform distinguishable from the MTA isoform. The MTB subfamily consists of at least two genes, MTB1 and MTB2, and possibly two to three others. The unique MTB1 and MTA genes have a high degree of identity but diverge in structural detail and expression. Transcripts of the MTA, MTB1, troponin C Spec 1, and CyIIIa actin genes begin simultaneously to accumulate at an early blastula stage. MTB1 mRNA becomes localized in the embryonic gut and oral ectoderm, whereas MTA, Spec 1, and CyIIIa actin mRNAs are spatially restricted to the aboral ectoderm. Several DNA elements are localized at the same positions in the MTB1 and MTA genes: these include respective CATA and TATA boxes, two metal response elements, and three distinct upstream DNA elements that are also present, and in the same order, in the Spec 1 gene promoter. A heptameric sequence, element A, is present at two sites each in the Spec 1 and CyIIIa actin genes, five sites in MTA, but only one site in MTB1. Most strikingly, the first intron of MTA contains elements not found in the MTB1 introns, including a consensus metal response element, an element A, and the P3A site demonstrated in the CyIIIa actin gene to be linked to the regulation of spatial expression.