Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field01:13

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field

For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the positive...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome.

The New England journal of medicine·1992
Same author

Evidence that hepatitis D virus needs hepatitis B virus to cause hepatocellular damage.

American journal of clinical pathology·1992
Same author

Immunoglobulin A antibody to a 200-kilodalton cytosolic acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholic hepatitis.

Gastroenterology·1992
Same author

Susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with the HLA-DR8-DQB1*0402 haplotype.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)·1992
Same author

Recovery of cholinergic phenotype in the injured rat neostriatum: roles for endogenous and exogenous nerve growth factor.

Journal of neurochemistry·1992
Same author

Non-modulation as an intermediate phenotype in essential hypertension.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)·1992
Same journal

Multifunctional reconfigurable terahertz metasurface based on vanadium dioxide phase transition: achieving broadband absorption and efficient polarization conversion.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-Q-factor electromagnetically induced transparency utilizing quasi-bound states in the continuum in an all-dielectric terahertz metasurface.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Automated stitching interferometry for high-precision metrology of X-ray mirrors.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Experimental demonstration of an approach to designing a metal-dielectric DBR resonant cavity structure.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-precision wavefront reconstruction from a single-shot interferogram using a physics-driven hybrid feature calibration network.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Ultra-high-Q Fano resonance based on coupled topological corner states in Kagome photonic crystals.

Applied optics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
10:36

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

High Electric Fields in II-VI Materials.

R Williams

    Applied Optics
    |January 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    High electric fields enable carrier multiplication in materials like ZnSe and ZnO, boosting photodetector gain. However, Zener tunneling can limit performance, with specimen dimensions influencing multiplication efficiency.

    More Related Videos

    Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization
    06:58

    Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

    Published on: July 12, 2016

    External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures
    08:32

    External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

    Published on: May 7, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
    10:36

    Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

    Published on: April 12, 2018

    Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization
    06:58

    Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

    Published on: July 12, 2016

    External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures
    08:32

    External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

    Published on: May 7, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Solid State Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Photodetector Technology

    Background:

    • Conventional electrophotographic processes are limited by low gain at low electric fields.
    • Increasing gain requires high electric fields to induce carrier multiplication via impact ionization.
    • Dark current, particularly Zener tunneling, increases significantly at high fields, competing with multiplication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate carrier multiplication in high band-gap II-VI materials under high electric fields.
    • To understand the role of Zener tunneling and specimen dimensions in device performance.
    • To explore the potential of electron multiplication in ZnO single crystals for enhanced discharge characteristics.

    Main Methods:

    • Studied current-voltage characteristics of ZnSe, CdS, and ZnO under high electric fields (approx. 10^6 V/cm).
    • Utilized electrolyte blocking contacts on n-type conducting crystals to achieve high fields.
    • Measured free surface charging and discharging on ZnO single crystals.

    Main Results:

    • Impact ionization multiplication observed in ZnSe and ZnO at fields around 10^6 V/cm.
    • CdS exhibited breakdown primarily through Zener tunneling, not multiplication.
    • Specimen dimensions were found to influence the balance between tunneling and multiplication.
    • Tentative evidence suggests electron multiplication contributes to free surface discharge in ZnO.

    Conclusions:

    • Carrier multiplication is achievable in specific II-VI materials, offering higher photodetector gain.
    • Subtle material properties, beyond band gap and mobility, critically affect impact ionization.
    • Further research on ZnO is needed to confirm the role of multiplication in surface discharge.