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Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

A special interferometer for testing long laser rods.

E D Baird

    Applied Optics
    |January 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new, cost-effective interferometer evaluates laser rod properties. This versatile instrument analyzes both internal and surface characteristics of highly doped laser rods under various conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Assessing the quality of laser rods is crucial for optimal laser performance.
    • Existing methods may be costly or limited in scope for evaluating combined optical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an inexpensive and versatile interferometer for comprehensive laser rod evaluation.
    • To characterize both surface and internal properties of long, highly doped laser rods.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
    • Configuration allows testing of Brewster-ended and square-ended rods.
    • Adaptable for both pumped and unpumped laser rod conditions.

    Main Results:

    • The interferometer successfully evaluates combined surface and internal properties.
    • Demonstrated versatility across different rod types and conditions.
    • Provided shadowgraph pictures and interferograms for analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed interferometer offers a cost-effective solution for laser rod quality assessment.
    • Its unique design enhances versatility for various laser rod types and operational states.
    • Enables detailed optical characterization crucial for laser development.