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Related Concept Videos

Wind Turbine Machine Models01:24

Wind Turbine Machine Models

In the growing field of wind energy, incorporating wind turbine models into transient stability analysis is essential. Induction and synchronous machines are the primary models used, with induction machines being prevalent due to their simplicity and reliability.
Induction machines interact through the rotating magnetic field generated by the stator and the rotor. The key parameter is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is...
Heat Engines01:10

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
This distribution function f(v) is defined by saying that the expected number N (v1,v2) of particles with speeds between v1 and v2 is given by
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II01:03

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II

A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
A rocket's acceleration depends on three major factors, consistent with the equation for the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment
06:29

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Published on: February 27, 2021

Solar simulators at the jet propulsion laboratory.

R E Bartera, H N Riise, C G Miller

    Applied Optics
    |January 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) solar simulators provide uniform, high-intensity light for space simulation chambers. Research details existing facilities, improvements, and new high-intensity lamp development for enhanced solar simulation.

    Area of Science:

    • Space simulation technology
    • Optical engineering
    • Photovoltaic testing

    Background:

    • The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) operates large-scale solar simulation systems.
    • These systems are critical for testing spacecraft components under simulated solar conditions.
    • Existing systems provide well-collimated light over large areas with high uniformity and intensity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe existing JPL solar simulation facilities.
    • To discuss potential improvements for these systems.
    • To present results from a high-intensity lamp development program.

    Main Methods:

    • Description of current large solar simulation systems (10-ft and 25-ft chambers).
    • Analysis of system performance, uniformity, and intensity.

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  • Evaluation of a development program for high-intensity lamps.

    • Main Results:

    • The existing solar simulators offer unique capabilities for collimated, uniform, high-intensity light.
    • Potential improvements for enhancing system performance were identified.
    • Initial results from the high-intensity lamp development program were presented.

    Conclusions:

    • JPL's solar simulation systems are advanced and essential for space environment testing.
    • Ongoing development aims to further improve solar irradiance capabilities.
    • The research contributes to the advancement of space simulation technology.