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Related Concept Videos

Midpoint Rule01:20

Midpoint Rule

Approximating areas under curved boundaries is a common problem in applied mathematics, particularly when an exact calculation is difficult or impractical. One effective numerical method for this purpose is the Midpoint Rule, which provides an estimate of the area under a curve by using rectangular approximations over a specified interval.Description of the Midpoint RuleThe Midpoint Rule begins by dividing the given interval into a number of equal subintervals. For each subinterval, the...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Mason's Rule01:20

Mason's Rule

Mason's rule is a powerful tool in control systems and signal processing. It simplifies the calculation of transfer functions from signal-flow graphs. This method leverages various elements, including loop gains, forward-path gains, and non-touching loops, to determine the transfer function efficiently.
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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Simpson's Rule I01:26

Simpson's Rule I

Simpson’s Rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the value of a definite integral when an exact antiderivative is difficult or impossible to obtain. The method estimates area by fitting a unique parabola through three equally spaced points on a curve and then integrating the resulting quadratic function over the interval. By using only a small number of sampled values, Simpson’s Rule provides an accurate approximation for many smoothly varying functions.A common practical...
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Simpson's Rule II

In warehouse roofing applications, corrugated or curved metal sheets are commonly used to improve structural strength, water drainage, and ventilation efficiency. To accurately estimate material requirements and optimize design parameters, engineers must determine the curved surface area of these sheets. Because the sheet profiles often repeat smoothly along their length, they can be effectively approximated by parabolic curves, enabling the use of numerical integration techniques for area...

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Assessing Social Dominance in Mouse Models Using the Tube Test
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Assessing Social Dominance in Mouse Models Using the Tube Test

Published on: June 6, 2025

Women rule.

M Kelley Bullard1, Natasha Bir, Rita Kwan

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco-East Bay, San Francisco, CA, USA. kelley.bullard@ucsfmedctr.org

Surgery
|January 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female animals and women show better survival rates after trauma and hemorrhage compared to males. Estrogen plays a key role in this protective effect, offering potential therapeutic insights.

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Published on: April 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Trauma and injury research
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Female animals exhibit superior resilience to trauma and hemorrhage compared to males.
  • Estrogen is known to mediate rapid, non-genomic effects that protect organs and reduce inflammation.
  • Existing research indicates women have better survival outcomes following injury, sepsis, and trauma-hemorrhage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the protective mechanisms of estrogen in trauma and hemorrhage.
  • To understand the sex-based differences in survival following severe injury.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of estrogen in trauma care.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of survival rates between male and female animal models subjected to trauma and hemorrhage.
  • Administration of exogenous estrogen to ovariectomized female animals to assess its impact on survival.
  • Review of clinical data on sex-based survival differences in human trauma patients.

Main Results:

  • Female animals demonstrated significantly better survival rates than males post-trauma and hemorrhage.
  • Ovariectomized female animals showed a survival deficit that was reversed by exogenous estrogen administration.
  • Estrogen's rapid, non-genomic actions were confirmed to protect organs and reduce inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen confers a survival advantage in females following trauma and hemorrhage through rapid, non-genomic pathways.
  • These findings highlight sex-specific differences in trauma response and suggest estrogen as a potential therapeutic agent.
  • Understanding these mechanisms could lead to improved treatment strategies for male trauma patients.