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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: April 11, 2025

TLR signalling regulated antigen presentation in dendritic cells.

Colin Watts1, Michele A West, Rossana Zaru

  • 1Division of Cell Biology & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. c.watts@dundee.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Immunology
|January 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) rapidly enhances antigen processing and transport while temporarily halting cell movement. These crucial immune responses involve specific kinase pathways in both myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs.

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Signaling Pathways

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of the innate immune system.
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity.
  • TLR signaling is known to influence DC function, but rapid, transient effects on cellular processes are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rapid, transient effects of TLR signaling on dendritic cell (DC) functions.
  • To elucidate the molecular pathways involved in TLR-mediated DC activation.
  • To compare the impact of TLR signaling on different DC subsets (myeloid vs. plasmacytoid).

Main Methods:

  • Stimulation of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs with TLR agonists.
  • Analysis of antigen endocytosis and autophagy rates.
  • Assessment of antigen transport and processing machinery assembly.
  • Evaluation of protein translation modulation.
  • Monitoring of DC motility using live-cell imaging.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of MAP kinases and PI3-kinase pathways.

Main Results:

  • TLR signaling transiently enhanced antigen endocytosis and autophagy in DCs.
  • Assembly of antigen transport and processing systems was augmented.
  • Protein translation was qualitatively modulated, and DC motility was temporarily inhibited.
  • These rapid changes were dependent on the activation of MAP kinases and PI3-kinase pathways.
  • Similar, though varied, effects were observed in both myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs.

Conclusions:

  • TLR signaling induces a rapid, coordinated program of functional changes in DCs.
  • These transient alterations optimize DCs for antigen presentation shortly after activation.
  • The findings highlight the dynamic nature of DC responses to innate immune stimuli.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies.