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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse
09:00

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

Published on: January 28, 2009

Olfactory testing in clinical practice.

P Rombaux1, S Collet, S Martinage

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium. philippe.rombaux@uclouvain.be

B-ENT
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers clinical methods for assessing smell and taste function, including psychophysical tests and chemosensory event-related potentials. These techniques aid in diagnosing olfactory loss and interpreting results in specialized centers.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Chemosensory disorders, including olfactory dysfunction, significantly impact quality of life.
  • Accurate diagnosis of smell and taste impairment is crucial for effective management.
  • Various clinical techniques exist for evaluating chemosensory function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established clinical methods for investigating chemosensory function.
  • To discuss the application and interpretation of psychophysical testing and chemosensory event-related potentials.
  • To provide normative data and clinical examples for olfactory and trigeminal event-related potentials.

Main Methods:

  • Psychophysical testing involving orthonasal and retronasal stimulation for odor identification and threshold determination.
  • Chemosensory event-related potentials (CERPs) utilizing olfactory and trigeminal nerve stimulation.
  • Routine investigation in specialized smell and taste centers.

Main Results:

  • Psychophysical tests help differentiate between anosmia and hyposmia.
  • CERPs complement psychophysical testing, aiding in result interpretation.
  • Normative data and clinical case examples are presented for olfactory and trigeminal CERPs.

Conclusions:

  • Psychophysical testing and CERPs are integral to the clinical investigation of chemosensory dysfunction.
  • These methods, particularly CERPs, are essential in specialized centers for diagnosing and understanding olfactory loss.
  • The review provides a comprehensive overview of these techniques for clinicians and researchers.