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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a cohort study and update.

S Collet1, V Grulois, B Bertrand

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head & Neck Surgery, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium. stephanie.collet@uclouvain.be

B-ENT
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-traumatic olfactory loss (PTOL) is a common olfactory disorder. Severity of head trauma correlates with olfactory impairment, with occipital impacts being particularly frequent.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Post-traumatic olfactory loss (PTOL) is a significant cause of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Mechanisms include sinonasal issues, olfactory nerve damage, and central olfactory pathway lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of PTOL.
  • To present findings from a cohort study of 90 patients with PTOL.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Medline Pubmed up to May 2009.
  • Clinical review of patients diagnosed with PTOL.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory impairment severity correlates with head trauma severity, especially occipital impacts.
  • Patients typically present with sudden onset anosmia, more severe than other causes.
  • Olfactory bulb volume correlates with olfactory loss, particularly with retronasal testing results.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate PTOL evaluation requires clinician expertise and dedicated time.
  • Comprehensive evaluation aids in prognosis counseling for recovery, environmental safety, and alimentation.