Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Physics-Guided Machine Learning for Ionic-Liquid Volumetric Properties.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026
Same author

Valorization of Moroccan Alfa Grass through Pyrolytic Conversion to Biochar for Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Capture.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Eutectic Point Determination of Type V Hydrophobic Octanoic Acid-Based Solvents by "Lock-Free" <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR Self-Diffusion Experiments.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Dynamic Mosaicity Modulates Ion Transport in Stimuli-Responsive Liquid Crystal Electrolytes.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025
Same author

Amine-Functionalized Cellulose as Promising Materials for Direct CO<sub>2</sub> Capture: A Review.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Exploring the Formulation and Efficacy of Phosphazene-Based Flame Retardants for Conventional Supercapacitor Electrolytes.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Physicochemical characterization of morpholinium cation based protic ionic liquids used as electrolytes.

Catherine Brigouleix1, Mérièm Anouti, Johan Jacquemin

  • 1Université François Rabelais, Laboratoire PCMB (EA 4244), équipe de Chimie-physique des Interfaces et des Milieux Electrolytiques (CIME), Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours, France.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

New morpholinium-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) offer low cost, low toxicity, and excellent conductivity. These fragile ionic liquids show promise as electrolytes for fuel cells and replacements for conventional solvents.

More Related Videos

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are gaining attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents.
  • Morpholinium-based cations offer a unique structural basis for designing novel PILs with tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize new morpholinium-based protic ionic liquids (PILs).
  • To evaluate their physical, thermal, and electrochemical properties for potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis via neutralization reaction of N-alkyl morpholine and formic acid.
  • Measurement of densities, refractive indices, thermal properties, and electrochemical windows.
  • Determination of temperature-dependent viscosity and ionic conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized morpholinium, N-methylmorpholinium, and N-ethyl morpholinium based PILs.
  • Exhibited large electrochemical windows (up to 2.91 V) and high ionic conductivities (10-16.8 mS/cm at 25°C).
  • PIL-water mixtures showed enhanced conductivity, and the liquids were classified as "fragile".

Conclusions:

  • Morpholinium-based PILs are cost-effective, low-toxicity, and exhibit favorable electrochemical and conductive properties.
  • These PILs demonstrate significant potential as electrolytes in fuel cells, thermal transfer fluids, and catalysis.
  • Their "fragile" nature and high conductivity make them versatile for various applications.