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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
09:04

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 22, 2014

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway.

Axel Weber1, Peter Wasiliew, Michael Kracht

  • 1Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Science Signaling
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family, including IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, orchestrates innate immune responses. This pathway details how IL-1 signaling is regulated at multiple levels to control inflammation.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • The interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family comprises 11 proteins involved in innate immunity.
  • IL-1alpha and IL-1beta are key mediators, and their blockade by IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) highlights their role in autoinflammatory diseases.
  • IL-1alpha and IL-1beta rapidly induce widespread gene expression changes in various cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms, including feedback loops, that control IL-1 responses.
  • To detail the molecular events leading to the activation of key signaling pathways and target gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on IL-1 signaling.

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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Published on: March 1, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
09:04

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 22, 2014

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
06:29

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Published on: March 1, 2011

  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing IL-1 synthesis, release, receptor binding, and signal transduction.
  • Identification of key signaling molecules and pathways activated by IL-1.

    • Main Results:

    • IL-1 signaling is tightly regulated at synthesis, receptor, and intracellular levels.
    • Ligand binding triggers phosphorylation and ubiquitination events, activating NF-kappaB, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways.
    • These pathways induce expression of numerous target genes, including IL-6, IL-8, and COX-2, via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
    • Intracellular components of IL-1 signaling are shared with other pathways like TLRs and responses to IL-18, IL-33, and cytotoxic stress.

    Conclusions:

    • The IL-1 pathway involves complex regulatory mechanisms to control potent proinflammatory activities.
    • Activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways is central to IL-1-mediated gene expression.
    • Shared signaling components suggest crosstalk between IL-1 and other innate immune and stress response pathways.