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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Generation of Bone Marrow Derived Murine Dendritic Cells for Use in 2-photon Imaging
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Published on: July 9, 2008

Distinct signal codes generate dendritic cell functional plasticity.

Kazuhiko Arima1, Norihiko Watanabe, Shino Hanabuchi

  • 1Department of Immunology and Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin, Unit 901, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Science Signaling
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dendritic cells (DCs) program unique immune responses. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) induces T helper type 2 (T(H)2) responses by activating specific pathways, while other stimuli promote T(H)1 responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit functional plasticity, enabling distinct immune responses to various pathogens.
  • The precise mechanisms by which DCs program these unique responses remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate how dendritic cells (DCs) generate distinct T helper cell type 2 (T(H)2) and T helper cell type 1 (T(H)1) polarizing signals.
  • To investigate the role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in directing DC-mediated immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DC signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), STAT4, and interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8).
  • Assessment of cytokine production (e.g., OX40L, interleukin-12) and chemokine secretion by DCs upon stimulation with TSLP or Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and CD40 ligand.

Main Results:

  • TSLP stimulation of DCs activated NF-κB and STAT6, leading to OX40L production and T(H)2 cell recruitment, while suppressing STAT4 and IRF-8 activation.
  • TLR ligands and CD40 ligand activated STAT4 and IRF-8 in myeloid DCs, promoting T(H)1 responses via interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, without activating STAT6.
  • DC functional plasticity is mediated by distinct signal codes generated by different stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • DCs utilize specific signaling pathways to program distinct T helper cell responses.
  • TSLP is a key cytokine that drives T(H)2 polarization through a unique signaling cascade in DCs.
  • Understanding these DC signaling codes is crucial for developing targeted immunotherapies.