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Heat balance limits in football uniforms how different uniform ensembles alter the equation
Tasha J Kulka1, W Larry Kenney
1Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-6900, USA.
Abstract:
Football season becomes a danger zone when warm weather collides with the need for protective gear. Researchers determined critical heat balance limits in non-heat-acclimatized men who wore various football uniform ensembles. The air temperature and humidity limits that they identified are helpful in implementing strategies to prevent heat-related illness.
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Specific Heat
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or 4186 J/kg/K.
Body Temperature
Body Temperature
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C (97–99°F), remaining relatively stable...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Factors Affecting Body Temperature
Factors may include:
Quantifying Heat
