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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure01:10

Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the patient.

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Effect of raloxifene after recombinant teriparatide [hPTH(1-34)] treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2007
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Severity of vertebral fracture reflects deterioration of bone microarchitecture.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2006
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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of birds: an examination of excised skeletal specimens.

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Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy.

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Effects of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] on cortical bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Guidelines for diagnosing osteoporosis.

G P Dalsky1

  • 1University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-6145, USA.

The Physician and Sportsmedicine
|January 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen deficiency increases osteoporosis and fracture risk in women. Bone density testing at the lumbar spine or femoral neck helps assess risk and guide osteoporosis treatment decisions.

Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and osteoporosis research
  • Geriatric medicine and women's health

Background:

  • Estrogen deficiency is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis and subsequent fractures in women.
  • Advances in technology and a standardized definition of osteoporosis facilitate accurate bone density assessment.
  • Osteoporosis management guidelines emphasize early detection and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current recommendations for bone density measurement in women at risk of osteoporosis.
  • To define the criteria for initiating osteoporosis treatment based on bone density values.

Main Methods:

  • Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is recommended at the lumbar spine and femoral neck.
  • In cases where only one site can be measured, guidelines suggest the lumbar spine for women under 65 and the femoral neck for women 65 and older.

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

  • Treatment is indicated when bone density is more than one standard deviation below the young adult reference range.

    • Main Results:

    • Specific anatomical sites for bone density measurement are identified for optimal risk assessment.
    • Age-based recommendations for single-site bone density measurement are provided.
    • A clear threshold for initiating osteoporosis treatment based on BMD T-scores is established.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate and targeted bone density measurement is crucial for identifying women at high risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
    • Early detection and treatment based on bone density criteria can mitigate fracture risk in estrogen-deficient women.
    • Standardized measurement sites and treatment thresholds improve the clinical management of osteoporosis.