Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Hepatitis C virus infection dynamics, treatment, and lipid nanoparticle-mediated infection in humanized liver chimeric mouse models.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Vaccinia virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prevents lung immunopathology without antibody-dependent enhancement in female rhesus macaques.

Virology·2025

Same author

HBVZ10, an AAV8 vector-based new HBV therapy candidate for cccDNA elimination.

Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development·2025

Same author

A CRISPR-based genome-wide loss-of-function screen defines a role of host metabolism in regulating hepatitis B virus infection.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025

Same author

A genome-wide siRNA screen identifies previously unknown proviral and antiviral host factors in HBV infection.

Journal of hepatology·2025

Same author

Replication-driven HBV cccDNA loss in chimeric mice with humanized livers.

Journal of virology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Novel function of CD81 in controlling hepatitis C virus replication.

Yong-Yuan Zhang¹, Bai-Hua Zhang, Koji Ishii

¹Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Rm. 9B16, Bethesda, MD 20892-1800, USA.

Journal of Virology

|January 22, 2010

Summary

CD81, a protein known for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry, unexpectedly plays a crucial role in HCV RNA replication. High CD81 expression is vital for efficient viral replication, impacting the HCV life cycle.

More Related Videos

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Hepatitis C Research

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication mechanisms and cellular requirements are not fully understood.
CD81 is established as a mediator of HCV entry into host cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of CD81 beyond viral entry in the HCV life cycle.
To determine if CD81 influences HCV RNA replication.

Main Methods:

Studied HCV replication in cells with varying CD81 expression levels.
Utilized HCV infectious cell culture and HCV replicon systems (genotypes 1b and 2a).
Assessed viral protein synthesis and RNA replication kinetics in response to CD81 levels and manipulation.

Main Results:

HCV replication efficiency correlated positively with CD81 expression levels.
Low CD81 expression led to aborted replication despite normal initial protein synthesis.
Restoration of CD81 expression rescued viral replication.
CD81 expression positively correlated with RNA synthesis kinetics but inversely with protein production kinetics.

Conclusions:

CD81 has a novel, essential function in HCV RNA replication, in addition to its role in viral entry.
CD81 may regulate HCV replication by modulating viral RNA template function towards replication.
CD81 is a critical cellular factor for efficient HCV genome replication.