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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Human CD4 memory T cells can become CD4+IL-9+ T cells.

Prabhakar Putheti1, Amit Awasthi, Joyce Popoola

  • 1Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos One
|January 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) express IL-9. Cytokines like IL-4 and TGF-beta influence IL-9 production in T cells, with additional cytokines enhancing this response.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
14:23

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Published on: April 16, 2012

Transduction and Expansion of Primary T Cells in Nine Days with Maintenance of Central Memory Phenotype
08:49

Transduction and Expansion of Primary T Cells in Nine Days with Maintenance of Central Memory Phenotype

Published on: March 18, 2020

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a T-cell and mast-cell growth factor secreted by human Th2 cells.
  • Previous research indicated IL-4 and TGF-beta direct mouse CD4(+) T cells towards an IL-9 producing phenotype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate IL-9 expression in human inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs).
  • To compare IL-9 production in human naive versus memory CD4(+) T cells under specific cytokine stimulation.
  • To identify transcription factors and cytokines associated with human IL-9 producing CD4(+) T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Activation of human naive and memory CD4(+) T cells using plate-bound anti-CD3/soluble anti-CD28 antibodies.
  • Stimulation with IL-4 and TGF-beta, with and without additional cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-12, IL-21).
  • Analysis of IL-9, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC, IL-10, IL-13, IFNgamma, and IL-17A/F expression using real-time PCR and protein analysis.

Main Results:

  • Human iTregs express IL-9.
  • IL-4 + TGF-beta induced higher IL-9 levels in memory CD4(+) T cells compared to naive CD4(+) T cells.
  • Memory CD4(+) T cells stimulated with IL-4 + TGF-beta showed reduced FOXP3 protein expression.
  • Human CD4(+)IL-9(+) T cells express GATA3 and RORC, but not IL-10, IL-13, IFNgamma, or IL-17A/F.
  • IL-1beta, IL-12, and IL-21 further enhanced IL-9 production in stimulated memory CD4(+) T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Human and mouse CD4(+)IL-9(+) T cells share similarities and differences.
  • Inflammatory cytokines significantly shape the antigen response of activated CD4(+) T cells.