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Related Concept Videos

Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Prostaglandin Analogs as Mucosal Protective Agents01:20

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Prostaglandin Analogs as Mucosal Protective Agents

The gastric mucosa produces prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), crucial in maintaining gastric health. They exert cytoprotective effects, including increasing bicarbonate secretion, releasing protective mucin, reducing gastric acid output, and preventing harmful vasoconstriction. These effects are mediated through various receptors, such as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4.
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors01:20

Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Antiplatelet drugs emerge as frontline defenders against the insidious threat of thromboembolic diseases, where abnormal clots obstruct vital blood vessels. These drugs stand as bulwarks, inhibiting platelet aggregation and clot formation, thereby mitigating the risk of life-threatening conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and thrombotic strokes.
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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
06:49

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

Published on: April 7, 2023

Progestin-only pills for contraception.

David A Grimes1, Laureen M Lopez, Paul A O'Brien

  • 1Behavioral and Biomedical Research, Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, NC 27709.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|January 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New progestin-only pills (POPs) show varied efficacy and side effects compared to other POPs and combined oral contraceptives. More research is needed to establish clear differences in effectiveness and continuation rates for these contraceptives.

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Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Contraception
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Recent introduction of a new progestin-only oral contraceptive (POC) in Europe has increased interest in this contraceptive class.
  • Unlike combined oral contraceptives (COCs), POCs contain only progestin and are taken continuously.
  • Limited clarity exists on how POCs compare to other progestin-only methods or COCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing progestin-only pills (POPs).
  • To assess differences in efficacy, acceptability, and continuation rates among various POPs and between POPs and combined oral contraceptives (COCs).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive search of multiple databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, POPLINE, LILACS, EMBASE) and clinical trial registries.
  • Inclusion of all RCTs in any language that evaluated POPs, with comparisons to other POPs, COCs, or other contraceptives.
  • Independent data abstraction by two authors; meta-analysis was not feasible due to study heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Six trials met inclusion criteria, comparing various POPs and POPs against COCs.
  • Desogestrel-containing POPs showed no significant reduction in pregnancy risk compared to levonorgestrel POPs but had more bleeding issues.
  • Irregular cycles were frequent with ethynodiol diacetate POPs compared to COCs. Levonorgestrel 30 mcg POPs demonstrated higher efficacy than norethisterone 350 mcg POPs.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence is insufficient to definitively compare the efficacy and safety of different progestin-only pills.
  • Insufficient data exists to compare progestin-only pills against combined oral contraceptives.
  • Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to guide clinical practice.