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Related Concept Videos

Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Reefshape: A System for the Efficient Collection and Automated Processing of Time-Series Underwater Photogrammetry Data for Benthic Habitat Monitoring
13:35

Reefshape: A System for the Efficient Collection and Automated Processing of Time-Series Underwater Photogrammetry Data for Benthic Habitat Monitoring

Published on: June 13, 2025

An oceanographic radiance distribution camera system.

R C Smith, R W Austin, J E Tyler

    Applied Optics
    |January 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new underwater optical instrument captures natural light distribution, aiding studies in marine optics, visibility, and primary productivity. This tool provides essential data for understanding light's role in ocean processes.

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    Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of O2 with a Frequency-Domain-Based Camera System

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    Luminescence Lifetime Imaging of O2 with a Frequency-Domain-Based Camera System

    Published on: December 16, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Oceanography
    • Optical Oceanography
    • Marine Optics

    Background:

    • Understanding underwater light fields is crucial for marine science.
    • Previous methods lacked comprehensive radiance distribution data.
    • Natural radiant energy underwater requires specialized measurement tools.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and construct an instrument for recording underwater radiance distribution.
    • To provide data for studying light-sea interactions and radiative transfer.
    • To support research in underwater visibility and primary productivity.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a back-to-back dual-camera instrument with fisheye lenses.
    • Enabled remote film exposure for operation up to 100m depth.
    • Utilized photographic photometry to derive radiance values from exposed film.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully designed and constructed a novel oceanographic optical instrument.
    • Demonstrated the capability to record underwater radiance distribution.
    • Established a method for obtaining quantitative radiance data.

    Conclusions:

    • The instrument provides essential data for optical oceanography.
    • Radiance distribution measurements are vital for understanding light-sea interactions.
    • Data aids in solving underwater visibility and primary productivity challenges.