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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Extinction and forward scattering in a settling aerosol.

B J Lipofsky, A E Green

    Applied Optics
    |January 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a model for aerosol particle size distribution using optical depth measurements. This model accurately describes particle sizes between 1 and 10 micrometers, validated by direct counts and light scattering experiments.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Optical Physics
    • Particle Physics

    Background:

    • Aerosols significantly impact climate and air quality.
    • Understanding aerosol size distribution is crucial for atmospheric modeling.
    • Direct measurement of aerosol size distribution can be challenging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an analytical model for aerosol particle size distribution.
    • To utilize optical depth measurements for aerosol characterization.
    • To validate the model using independent experimental data.

    Main Methods:

    • Measuring the optical depth of settling aerosols over time.
    • Fitting an analytical model to the optical depth time series.
    • Inverting the model to determine particle size distribution (1-10 micrometers).

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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  • Validating the model with direct microscope counts.
  • Calculating and comparing forward scattered light behavior.
  • Main Results:

    • An analytical model for aerosol size distribution was successfully derived.
    • The model accurately represents particles in the 1-10 micrometer radius range.
    • Model predictions were corroborated by direct particle size counts.
    • Calculated forward scattered light behavior matched experimental observations.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical depth measurements provide a viable method for characterizing aerosol size distribution.
    • The derived analytical model offers a robust tool for aerosol research.
    • The findings enhance our understanding of aerosol dynamics and optical properties.