Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of platelet-rich fibrin on autologous osteochondral transplantation: An in vivo porcine model.

The Knee·2017
Same author

Stark effects in optically pumped CH(3)OH far infrared laser.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Electronic heterodyne recording and processing of optical holograms using phase modulated reference waves.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Optoacoustic detection of NO(2) using a pulsed dye laser.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Absorption measurements of 1-1 difluoroethylene (C(2)H(2)F(2)) at 10.6-microm wavelength.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Laser optoacoustic detection of explosive vapors.

Applied optics·2010
Same journal

Multifunctional reconfigurable terahertz metasurface based on vanadium dioxide phase transition: achieving broadband absorption and efficient polarization conversion.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-Q-factor electromagnetically induced transparency utilizing quasi-bound states in the continuum in an all-dielectric terahertz metasurface.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Automated stitching interferometry for high-precision metrology of X-ray mirrors.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Experimental demonstration of an approach to designing a metal-dielectric DBR resonant cavity structure.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

High-precision wavefront reconstruction from a single-shot interferogram using a physics-driven hybrid feature calibration network.

Applied optics·2026
Same journal

Ultra-high-Q Fano resonance based on coupled topological corner states in Kagome photonic crystals.

Applied optics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

CO(2) Laser Signature Problem.

P C Claspy, Y H Pao

    Applied Optics
    |January 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The P(20) and P(16) lines of the 10.4-micrometer band in carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers dominate laser output. These specific lines consistently oscillate across broad gain curves and diverse operating conditions, simplifying laser operation.

    More Related Videos

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
    09:38

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

    Published on: December 18, 2015

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
    08:51

    Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

    Published on: August 18, 2017

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
    09:38

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

    Published on: December 18, 2015

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics
    • Quantum Electronics

    Background:

    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers can oscillate on numerous spectral lines.
    • Varying cavity length causes sequential oscillation of many lines, forming a laser signature.
    • This signature is crucial for remote applications requiring lasers without mode-selecting elements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify dominant oscillating lines in CO2 lasers.
    • To determine if specific lines exhibit consistent oscillation across varying conditions.
    • To assess the practical implications for CO2 laser operation in remote applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Investigated the oscillation behavior of a CO2 laser.
    • Observed line sequences as cavity length was varied.
    • Analyzed the dominance of specific spectral lines over a wide gain curve.

    Main Results:

    • The P(20) and P(16) lines of the 10.4-micrometer band were found to compete effectively.
    • These lines consistently oscillated, outcompeting other modes.
    • Dominant oscillation of P(20) and P(16) was observed across a wide range of operating conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The P(20) and P(16) lines provide a reliable signature for CO2 lasers.
    • These lines enable robust laser operation without mode-selecting elements.
    • The findings are significant for the practical application of CO2 lasers in remote systems.