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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Interpretation of solid solution hardening with vibrational spectra.

J N Plendl, P J Gielisse, L C Mansur

    Applied Optics
    |January 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Solid solution hardening in inorganic systems significantly increases with intermediate compositions. This phenomenon is explained by atomistic models considering changes in unit cell dimensions, eigenfrequency, and anharmonicity.

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    Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid-state Chemistry
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Solid solution hardening is a critical phenomenon in materials science.
    • Understanding the mechanisms behind increased hardness in solid solutions is essential for designing advanced materials.
    • Existing models require refinement to accurately predict hardening behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review existing experimental data on solid solution hardening.
    • To present new experimental data on NiO-CoO and CaF(2)-SrF(2) systems.
    • To quantitatively justify the observed hardening using an atomistic hardness formula.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing experimental data on solid solution hardening.
    • Generation of new experimental data for NiO-CoO and CaF(2)-SrF(2) systems.
    • Application of a previously developed atomistic hardness formula with selected parameter values.

    Main Results:

    • A significant increase in hardness was observed for intermediate compositions in both inorganic systems.
    • The experimental data qualitatively correlates with the predictions of the atomistic hardness formula.
    • Quantitative justification of the hardening was achieved by using specific parameter values related to structural variations.

    Conclusions:

    • The atomistic hardness formula, incorporating variations in unit cell dimensions, eigenfrequency, and anharmonic factor, successfully explains solid solution hardening.
    • The findings provide a quantitative basis for understanding and predicting hardness in solid solutions.
    • This research contributes to the fundamental understanding of strengthening mechanisms in inorganic materials.