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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
05:59

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

Swine flu: a Birmingham experience.

James Scriven1, Ruth Mcewen, Sanjay Mistry

  • 1Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|January 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel H1N1 influenza (swine flu) disproportionately affected young adults in the West Midlands. Asthma was a key risk factor for severe swine flu cases, necessitating intensive care for some patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The West Midlands experienced a high incidence of novel H1N1 influenza (swine flu) in early July 2009.
  • Heartlands Hospital managed nearly 850 patients with flu-like symptoms over three weeks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of novel H1N1 influenza cases admitted to Heartlands Hospital.
  • To identify risk factors associated with severe novel H1N1 influenza disease.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of adult patients admitted with confirmed H1N1 infection.
  • Analysis of demographic data, risk factors, and clinical outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality.

Main Results:

  • 52 adult patients were confirmed with H1N1 infection; most were under 30 and not in typical influenza risk groups.
  • Asthma was the primary risk factor for severe disease, followed by pregnancy and obesity.
  • Seven patients required ICU admission, five developed acute lung injury, and one patient died.

Conclusions:

  • Novel H1N1 influenza presented differently in this cohort, affecting younger individuals without traditional risk factors.
  • Asthma significantly increased the risk of severe outcomes.
  • Maintaining effective community assessment is vital for managing future waves of H1N1 influenza.