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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
08:49

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Published on: May 18, 2018

Malignant melanoma--a genetic overview.

S Bloethner1, D Scherer, M Drechsel

  • 1Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas
|January 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Malignant melanoma risk increases with UV exposure and host factors. Key genes like CDKN2A and MC1R, and pathways like RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, are crucial in melanoma development and potential therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells
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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Malignant melanoma incidence and mortality are rising, particularly in Caucasian populations.
  • Ultraviolet radiation exposure is a primary risk factor, but host factors like skin type and moles are critical.
  • Familial melanoma cases are linked to high-penetrance susceptibility genes, including CDKN2A.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex etiology of malignant melanoma.
  • To identify key genetic factors and pathways involved in melanoma development.
  • To highlight potential therapeutic targets based on genetic alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic factors contributing to melanoma predisposition and progression.
  • Analysis of somatic mutations in sporadic melanoma cases.
  • Examination of key signaling pathways implicated in melanoma tumorigenesis.

Main Results:

  • CDKN2A and CDK4 are identified as melanoma susceptibility genes.
  • Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) gene variants are associated with increased melanoma risk.
  • Activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, driven by mutations in B-RAF or N-RAS, is a hallmark of melanoma tumors.
  • Mutations in B-RAF within melanocytic nevi, coupled with loss of cell cycle inhibitors like CDKN2A, are early events in melanoma progression.

Conclusions:

  • Melanoma development involves a complex interplay of genetic alterations and signaling pathways.
  • Understanding these genetic collaborations is essential for developing targeted melanoma therapies.
  • Genetic predisposition and somatic mutations collectively contribute to melanoma pathogenesis.