Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Chromatin buffers torsional stress during transcription.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

Nascent RNA profiling reveals genome-wide productive reiterative initiation regulating gene transcription in bacteria.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Same author

mRNA engineering of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells enables coordinated delivery of T cell engagers and immunotherapeutic cues.

Nature biomedical engineering·2025

Same author

Characterization of bacterial intrinsic transcription terminators identified with TERMITe - a novel method for comprehensive analysis of Term-seq data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

RNA polymerase II is a polar roadblock to a progressing DNA fork.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Characterization of bacterial intrinsic transcription terminators identified with TERMITe-a novel method for comprehensive analysis of Term-seq data.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Translocation by multi-subunit RNA polymerases.

Maria Kireeva¹, Mikhail Kashlev, Zachary F Burton

¹National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta

|January 26, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

RNA polymerase (RNAP) translocation is key to transcription. This review explores models of nucleic acid movement, proposing a nucleotide addition cycle that explains translocation mechanisms and NTP entry during transcription elongation.

More Related Videos

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Published on: July 11, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Published on: July 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

Transcription involves RNA polymerase (RNAP) moving along a DNA template.
Nucleic acid movement (translocation) is coupled to nucleotide addition and conformational changes.
The rate of transcription elongation may be determined by translocation or related events.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss various models of RNAP translocation.
To evaluate experimental evidence regarding the role of translocation in determining transcription elongation rate.
To propose a model for the nucleotide addition cycle and discuss translocation regulation.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental data on RNAP translocation.
Analysis of different translocation models.
Development of a proposed nucleotide addition cycle model.

Main Results:

Several models of translocation exist, with varying experimental support.
Evidence suggests translocation, pyrophosphate release, or conformational changes influence elongation rate.
A proposed model integrates available data on the nucleotide addition cycle.

Conclusions:

The precise ordering of events during nucleotide addition is critical for transcription.
Understanding translocation mechanisms is essential for elucidating transcription regulation.
Further research can explore NTP entry routes and refine translocation models.