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Chambers of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

Are all ventricular septal defects created equal?

Daniela Lax¹, Rajan D Bhatt, Scott E Klewer

¹Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5073, USA. dlax@peds.arizona.edu

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography

|January 26, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A patient with a ventricular septal defect developed infective endocarditis despite following guidelines, suggesting these patients may need antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures.

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

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Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection affecting heart valves.
Current guidelines for IE prophylaxis may not adequately cover all high-risk cardiac conditions.

Observation:

Despite adherence to the 2007 AHA guidelines, the patient was informed that prophylaxis was no longer necessary for a recent dental evaluation.
Following the dental procedure, the patient developed fatigue and fever, treated initially with ciprofloxacin.
Recurrent symptoms led to blood cultures positive for Streptococcus viridans and transesophageal echocardiography revealing a 7-mm vegetation on the tricuspid valve.

Findings:

The case highlights a potential gap in current guidelines regarding infective endocarditis risk in patients with ventricular septal defects and left ventricular-to-right-atrial shunts.
Infective endocarditis occurred despite the patient's adherence to the revised 2007 American Heart Association guidelines.

Implications:

Patients with ventricular septal defects and left ventricular-to-right-atrial shunts may be at increased risk for infective endocarditis.
Re-evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis recommendations for dental procedures in this patient population may be warranted.
Further research is needed to refine guidelines for preventing endocarditis in individuals with specific congenital heart defects.