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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

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Published on: July 21, 2015

Terminating prolonged refractory status epilepticus using ketamine.

Cheng-Yang Hsieh1, Pi-Shan Sung, Jing-Jane Tsai

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sin Lau Hospital; and Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Clinical Neuropharmacology
|January 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a challenging neurological condition. Intravenous ketamine effectively terminated RSE in a patient unresponsive to standard treatments, suggesting its potential therapeutic role.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
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Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
09:07

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins

Published on: August 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) presents a significant clinical challenge, often resisting conventional antiepileptic drug (AED) therapies and barbiturates.
  • The management of RSE requires exploring alternative treatment strategies due to its emergent nature and potential for severe neurological sequelae.

Observation:

  • This report details a case of a 23-year-old male patient experiencing RSE.
  • The patient's RSE was refractory to multiple standard AEDs and barbiturate coma.
  • Intravenous ketamine administration was utilized to successfully terminate the refractory status epilepticus.

Findings:

  • Clinical and electroencephalographic effects of ketamine in RSE were evaluated.
  • The successful termination of RSE with intravenous ketamine was observed.
  • Literature review indicates rare but positive experiences with ketamine in RSE cases.

Implications:

  • Ketamine demonstrates potential efficacy as a treatment option for refractory status epilepticus.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary to establish the definitive role and safety of ketamine in RSE management.
  • This finding may guide future therapeutic approaches for patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy.