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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response.

Alexander Panda1, Feng Qian, Subhasis Mohanty

  • 1Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|January 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging significantly impairs Toll-like receptor (TLR) function in human dendritic cells (DCs), reducing their ability to produce key cytokines. This immunosenescence in DCs is linked to a weaker antibody response to influenza vaccination.

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A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
04:47

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Published on: February 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiating adaptive immunity.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on DCs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering immune responses.
  • Aging is associated with a decline in immune function, known as immunosenescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of aging on the function of human myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs).
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying age-associated changes in DC TLR function.
  • To determine the functional consequences of impaired DC TLR function on adaptive immunity, specifically antibody response to influenza vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Primary human DCs (mDCs and pDCs) were isolated from young (21-30 years) and older (≥65 years) individuals.
  • Multicolor flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining were used to assess cytokine production (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-alpha) following TLR stimulation.
  • Surface and intracellular TLR protein expression, as well as TLR gene expression, were analyzed.
  • Mixed-effect statistical modeling was employed to adjust for confounding variables.
  • Antibody response to influenza immunization was assessed in relation to DC function.

Main Results:

  • Older individuals exhibited significantly reduced production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 (p40) in mDCs and TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha in pDCs upon TLR stimulation compared to young individuals.
  • These age-associated deficits in cytokine production were significant after statistical adjustment for demographic and health factors.
  • Both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms may contribute to the observed age-related decline in TLR function.
  • Elevated baseline intracellular cytokine production in DCs from older individuals suggests dysregulation.
  • Impaired DC TLR function, particularly cytokine production defects, was strongly associated with a poor antibody response to influenza vaccination.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence of immunosenescence in human DCs, characterized by impaired TLR-mediated cytokine production.
  • Age-associated defects in DC function contribute to reduced adaptive immune responses, such as antibody production against influenza.
  • These findings highlight the critical role of the aging innate immune system in vaccine efficacy and susceptibility to infections.