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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

Complexometric Titration: Overview

Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free indicator. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Essential Metal Uptake in Gram-negative Bacteria: X-ray Fluorescence, Radioisotopes, and Cell Fractionation
10:34

Essential Metal Uptake in Gram-negative Bacteria: X-ray Fluorescence, Radioisotopes, and Cell Fractionation

Published on: February 1, 2018

Exploring the cellular accumulation of metal complexes.

Cindy A Puckett1, Russell J Ernst, Jacqueline K Barton

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|January 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Transition metal complexes are promising for medicine but must enter cells effectively. This review covers how metal complexes enter, move within, and exit cells, aiding their diagnostic and therapeutic development.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Essential Metal Uptake in Gram-negative Bacteria: X-ray Fluorescence, Radioisotopes, and Cell Fractionation
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Published on: February 1, 2018

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Electric Cell-Substrate Sensing for Real-Time Evaluation of Metal-Organic Framework Toxicological Profiles

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Biomedical science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Transition metal complexes show potential in biological applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Cellular uptake is critical for the efficacy of metal-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
  • Understanding cellular accumulation mechanisms is key to developing effective metal-based drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular accumulation processes of transition metal complexes.
  • To discuss methods for studying metal complex uptake, localization, and efflux.
  • To explore strategies for enhancing cellular uptake of metal complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on metal complex cellular accumulation.
  • Analysis of various cellular uptake mechanisms (passive diffusion, transporters).
  • Examination of techniques for monitoring uptake, localization, and efflux.

Main Results:

  • Metal complexes utilize diverse mechanisms for cellular entry, including passive diffusion and transporter-mediated uptake.
  • Various methods exist to study cellular accumulation, identify uptake pathways, and track efflux.
  • Conjugation strategies can be employed to improve cellular uptake efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Effective cellular accumulation is a prerequisite for transition metal complexes in biological applications.
  • A comprehensive understanding of uptake, localization, and efflux is essential for optimizing metal-based agents.
  • Further research into conjugation strategies can enhance the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of metal complexes.