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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects its...

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

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Published on: August 17, 2017

Stabilization of bacteriophage during freeze drying.

U Puapermpoonsiri¹, S J Ford, C F van der Walle

¹Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor St, Glasgow, Strathclyde G4 0NR, UK.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

|January 29, 2010

Summary

Optimizing bacteriophage lyophilization requires specific formulations. Optimal stability was achieved with 4-6% moisture content, crucial for preserving lytic activity in antibiotic-resistant infection treatments.

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Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Biotechnology

Background:

Bacteriophage therapy shows promise for antibiotic-resistant infections.
Developing stable bacteriophage formulations for lyophilization is critical.
Existing lyophilization protocols lack consensus for bacteriophages.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate optimal formulation strategies for bacteriophage lyophilization.
To determine the impact of additives and drying cycles on bacteriophage stability.
To identify ideal moisture content for preserving bacteriophage activity.

Main Methods:

Lyophilization of bacteriophages with varying concentrations of sucrose, poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000), and gelatin.
Assessment of freeze-dried cake stability and bacteriophage activity.
Analysis of moisture content and glass transition temperatures (Tg).
Imaging of lyophilized bacteriophages.

Main Results:

High concentrations of sucrose (0.5 M) and PEG 6000 (5%) stabilized freeze-dried cakes.
Gelatin did not enhance bacteriophage stability post-lyophilization.
A secondary drying cycle was vital for maintaining bacteriophage activity.
Optimal moisture content for lytic activity was 4-6%.
Bacteriophage aggregation was not observed during lyophilization.

Conclusions:

Bacteriophage lyophilization requires careful selection of bulking agents and precise control of moisture content.
Formulation strategies significantly impact the stability and activity of lyophilized bacteriophages.
Achieving 4-6% residual moisture is key for effective bacteriophage formulations.