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Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Fetal euthyroid goiter.

Vandana Jain¹, Rajni Sharma, Sumit Verma

¹Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India. drvandanajain@gmail.com

Indian Journal of Pediatrics

|January 29, 2010

Summary

A newborn with a large neck mass causing tracheal compression was euthyroid. The congenital goiter resolved spontaneously, with normal thyroid function and neurodevelopment observed post-birth.

Area of Science:

Neonatal Endocrinology
Pediatric Surgery
Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

Congenital neck masses can present significant challenges in newborns, including airway compromise.
Antenatal diagnosis of fetal neck masses necessitates careful management planning.
Thyroid dysfunction in neonates can impact development, making euthyroid status crucial.

Observation:

A neonate presented with a large, antenatally diagnosed neck swelling causing tracheal compression.
Imaging confirmed the mass's significant size and its impact on the infant's airway.
The infant was euthyroid at birth, with no maternal history of thyroid disease or goitrogen exposure.

Findings:

The congenital goiter demonstrated a spontaneous reduction in size over the follow-up period.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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The infant maintained normal thyroid function throughout the observation period.

Neurodevelopmental assessments remained within normal limits during follow-up.

Implications:

This case highlights the possibility of spontaneous resolution of large congenital goiters causing tracheal compression.
It underscores the importance of monitoring euthyroid neonates with congenital goiters.
Normal neurodevelopmental outcomes in such cases suggest favorable prognoses with appropriate observation.