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Related Concept Videos

Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

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Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner
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Nesprins, but not sun proteins, switch isoforms at the nuclear envelope during muscle development.

K Natalie Randles1, Le Thanh Lam, Caroline A Sewry

  • 1Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|January 29, 2010
PubMed
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Nesprins, nuclear proteins, show dynamic changes during muscle development and in different cell types. Isoform-specific and tissue-specific roles in nuclear positioning are suggested by these findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nesprins are nuclear transmembrane proteins crucial for nuclear envelope structure and function.
  • They are anchored to the nuclear membrane via interactions with Sun proteins.
  • Understanding nesprin dynamics is key to comprehending nuclear positioning and cellular development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression patterns and localization of nesprin isoforms during human muscle development.
  • To explore the role of nesprins in different cell types, including fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
  • To determine if nesprin expression and localization are specific to cell type and developmental stage.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nesprin expression and localization during in vitro myogenesis.
  • In vivo studies of muscle fiber maturation to observe changes in nesprin composition.
  • Examination of nesprin behavior in emerin-negative skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
  • Investigating nesprin presence in HeLa and Ntera-2 cells.

Main Results:

  • Nesprin-1-giant increased during early myogenesis in vitro.
  • During muscle fiber maturation in vivo, nesprin-2 partially replaced nesprin-1, and short nesprin isoforms became dominant.
  • In emerin-negative fibroblasts, nesprin-2-giant relocated to the cytoplasm, while nesprin-1 remained at the nuclear envelope.
  • Nesprin-1 was absent from HeLa cell nuclear envelopes but dominant in myoblasts; a novel 130-kD nesprin-2 isoform dominated Ntera-2 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Nesprin expression and localization are dynamic and vary significantly between cell types and developmental stages.
  • Evidence suggests distinct, isoform-specific roles for nesprins in regulating nuclear positioning.
  • These findings open avenues for exploring nesprin functions in various cellular processes and diseases.