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Updated: Jun 16, 2026
Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
Published on: February 10, 2015
Establishing normative data on scapulothoracic musculature using handheld dynamometry
Nichole Turner1, Kristen Ferguson, Britney W Mobley
1Armstrong Atlantic State University, USA.
Context:
Scapular strength deficits have been linked to shoulder dysfunction.
Objective:
To establish normative data on the scapulothoracic musculature in normal subjects using a handheld dynamometer.
Design:
Descriptive normative data study.
Setting:
Field research.
Subjects:
172 subjects with varying levels of overhead activity.
Methods:
A handheld dynamometer was used to test the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboids; and serratus anterior.
Main Outcome Measures:
A 2-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level and unilateral ratio by activity-level analyses. Post hoc analysis included multiple pairwise comparisons, using the Dunn-Bonferroni correction method.
Results:
Activity level did not significantly affect the unilateral ratios: Elevation:depression was 2.5:1, upward:downward rotation was 1.5:1, and protraction:retraction was 1.25:1. A rank order from strongest to weakest was established through significant comparisons.
Conclusion:
The unilateral ratios along with the rank order should be considered when discussing scapular rehabilitation protocols.
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