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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Developing an automatic lateral cephalometric landmark identification program and evaluating its performance
V Rakhshan1, H Rakhshan, A Sheibaninia
1vahid.rakhshan@gmail.com
Purpose:
To evaluate the accuracy of detecting cephalometric landmarks automatically by computer.
Materials And Methods:
Digital image processing algorithms (edge-based and morphological) in addition to mathematical algorithms (knowledge-based) were used to develop a program for the identification of 15 lateral cephalometric landmarks on digital cephalograms.
Results:
The automatic landmark identification system was clinically acceptable (p > 0.05 comparing with 2-mm error range) for five landmarks.
Conclusion:
The automatic landmark identification is accurate for only some landmarks. Additional studies may be necessary to improve this method.
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