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Risk factors for Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study.

W Liu¹, R V Gibbons, K Kari

¹International Vaccine Institute, San 4-8, Seoul, Republic of Korea. wliu@hsph.harvard.edu

Epidemiology and Infection

|January 30, 2010

Summary

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Bali. Proximity to rice fields, pig ownership, and older age are key risk factors for JE infection. JE immunization is recommended for prevention.

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Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant public health concern in endemic regions.
Bali, Indonesia, experiences endemic JE, necessitating local risk factor identification.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and analyze factors associated with Japanese encephalitis infection in Bali.
To inform targeted prevention strategies for JE in the region.

Main Methods:

A case-control study was conducted from 2001-2004 in Bali.
Included 94 confirmed JE cases and 163 controls with other forms of encephalitis or meningitis.
Risk factors were assessed through hospital admission surveys.

Main Results:

Univariate analysis indicated associations with older age, healthcare referral source, outdoor activities, mosquito control use, proximity to rice fields, and pig ownership.
Multivariate analysis confirmed independent associations for proximity to rice fields (OR 2.93), pig ownership (OR 2.24), and older age (OR 1.21).

Conclusions:

Proximity to rice fields and pig ownership are significant independent risk factors for JE in Bali.
Given the economic importance of rice and pigs, JE immunization is the most effective preventive measure.