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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
08:26

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Published on: January 11, 2016

[New developments in spastic unilateral cerebral palsy].

S Chabrier1, A Roubertie, D Allard

  • 1Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation pédiatrique, hôpital Bellevue, centre hospitalier universitaire de Saint-Etienne, boulevard Pasteur, Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France. stephane.chabrier@chu-st-etienne.fr

Revue Neurologique
|February 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hemiplegic cerebral palsy, often caused by prenatal brain injury, is a common condition. Emerging therapies like constraint-induced movement therapy offer new treatment avenues.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Context:

  • Hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) comprises approximately 30% of all cerebral palsy cases.
  • It is the most prevalent type in term-born infants and second most common in preterm infants.
  • Prenatal and perinatal brain injuries are primary causes of congenital hemiplegia.

Purpose:

  • To review the causes of congenital hemiplegia and discuss diagnostic and prognostic tools.
  • To highlight the role of brain MRI in classifying injuries and informing prognosis.
  • To introduce emerging evidence-based rehabilitational interventions for HCP.

Summary:

  • Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for accurately classifying congenital hemiplegia causes and providing early prognostic insights.
  • Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is the leading cause in term infants, while prematurity-related encephalopathy is most common in preterm infants.
  • Other etiologies include brain malformations, neonatal sinovenous thrombosis, and familial porencephaly linked to COL4A1 gene mutations.

Impact:

  • Advances in understanding congenital hemiplegia etiology and improved diagnostic capabilities through brain MRI.
  • Integration of novel rehabilitational strategies, including constraint-induced movement therapy and mirror therapy, alongside pharmacologic treatments like botulinum neurotoxin injections.