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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

[Anterograde declarative memory and its models].

E-J Barbeau1, M Puel, J Pariente

  • 1Université de Toulouse, CerCo, UPS,Toulouse, France. emmanuel.barbeau@cerco.ups-tlse.fr

Revue Neurologique
|February 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modular memory models challenge the unitary view, proposing distinct systems for item, semantic, and episodic memory. These models highlight specific brain regions, like subhippocampal areas and the hippocampus, for different memory types.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
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A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Patient H.M.'s extensive study shaped the unitary model of declarative memory, proposing it as a single, indivisible system dependent on medial temporal lobes.
  • The unitary model suggests declarative memory functions as a cohesive unit, primarily relying on medial temporal lobe structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and present the main characteristics of various modular models of memory.
  • To explore alternative perspectives to the unitary model of declarative memory.
  • To highlight contributions of various patients, beyond H.M., to memory research.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on memory models.
  • Analysis of five prominent modular memory models, including the perceptual-mnemonic model.
  • Comparison of differences and convergences among proposed memory models.

Main Results:

  • Modular models propose dissociations between memory for single items/semantic information and memory for complex/context-rich episodes.
  • Convergence among modular models suggests distinct neural substrates for different memory types.
  • Familiarity and semantic memory are linked to anterior subhippocampal areas, while relational and episodic memory involve the hippocampus.

Conclusions:

  • Modular models offer an alternative to the unitary view of declarative memory.
  • Reconciliation between unitary and modular approaches to memory is explored.
  • Evidence suggests specific brain structures support distinct memory components, challenging a single, unified system.