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Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...

Biological Effects of Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...

X-ray Imaging

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Radiation risks from pediatric computed tomography scanning.

Gabriel Chodick¹, Kwang Pyo Kim, Michael Shwarz

¹Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER

|February 2, 2010

Summary

Pediatric computed tomography (CT) use is increasing, posing radiation risks. Awareness and initiatives like ALARA and Image Gently are crucial for minimizing radiation exposure in children undergoing CT scans.

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Pediatric Endocrinology
Radiation Physics

Background:

Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly utilized in pediatric endocrinology, despite concerns about radiation exposure.
Pediatric CT scans deliver significant radiation doses, raising awareness about potential long-term health risks, including cancer.
Radiological exams are not primary tools for diagnosing unsuspected endocrine disease, but CT has become integral.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current applications of pediatric CT in endocrinology.
To explain fundamental principles of ionizing radiation physics and dosimetry relevant to pediatric CT.
To discuss the potential health risks associated with pediatric CT scans.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current pediatric CT utilization in endocrinology.
Explanation of ionizing radiation physics and dosimetry concepts.
Discussion of radiation risks and risk mitigation strategies.

Main Results:

Pediatric CT use is rising, necessitating a thorough understanding of associated radiation risks.
Key concepts in radiation physics and dosimetry are essential for evaluating CT safety.
Potential risks from pediatric CT scans require careful consideration and management.

Conclusions:

Reducing unnecessary radiation exposure from pediatric CT is paramount.
The As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) concept and the Image Gently initiative are vital programs for dose reduction.
Educating referring physicians, including endocrinologists, about CT radiation risks is essential for patient safety.