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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

The young female athlete.

Michal Hurvitz¹, Ram Weiss

¹Hebrew University School of Medicine, Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER

|February 2, 2010

Summary

Strenuous sports can cause the athletic triad in young women, including amenorrhea, low bone density, and eating disorders. Early education on nutrition and training is key to prevention and good long-term health outcomes.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Sports Medicine
Adolescent Health

Background:

Strenuous sports participation in adolescents and young women can lead to significant metabolic and psychological issues.
Common manifestations include primary/secondary amenorrhea, reduced bone mineral density, and eating disorders, collectively termed the athletic triad.
Hormonal factors like reduced leptin and chronic stress responses contribute to these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the clinical relevance of the athletic triad and exercise-related female reproductive dysfunction (ERFRD) in athletes.
To discuss the hormonal underpinnings, such as leptin levels and stress responses.
To emphasize the importance of prevention and early intervention strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical manifestations and underlying hormonal drivers in female athletes.

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Discussion of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea as a manifestation of ERFRD.

Emphasis on educational strategies for athletes, trainers, parents, and healthcare professionals.

Main Results:

The athletic triad (amenorrhea, low bone density, eating disorders) is a recognized complex in female athletes.
ERFRD can lead to short-term infertility and long-term osteoporosis.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea results from excessive stress, exercise, and/or low intake, suppressing GNRH secretion.

Conclusions:

Prevention through education on nutrition and safe training is paramount for female athletes.
While prognosis is generally good, long-term morbidity is a concern.
Addressing the athletic triad and ERFRD requires a multidisciplinary approach involving education and support.