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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea
09:54

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

Published on: May 10, 2019

Dichotomy of functional organization in the mouse auditory cortex.

Sharba Bandyopadhyay1, Shihab A Shamma, Patrick O Kanold

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.

Nature Neuroscience
|February 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Auditory cortex organization is complex. Nearby neurons with similar inputs perform parallel computations, revealed by subthreshold responses, not just supra-threshold activity.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea
09:54

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

Published on: May 10, 2019

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
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Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The cerebral cortex has multiple topographic representations of sensory information.
  • Tonotopy (frequency selectivity) dominates primary auditory cortex organization, but other feature-based organizations are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the topographic organization of the mouse auditory cortex at the single-cell level.
  • To explore how different response properties, including subthreshold and supra-threshold responses, contribute to auditory cortex organization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mice.
  • Analyzed single-cell responses to probe topographic organization and feature selectivity.

Main Results:

  • Large-scale tonotopy was observed, but it was fractured on a fine scale.
  • Intensity tuning was present in individual cells but lacked topographic organization.
  • A dichotomy in topographic organization was revealed based on the presence or absence of subthreshold responses.

Conclusions:

  • Subthreshold responses reveal topographic clustering of neurons with similar properties, absent in supra-threshold responses.
  • Nearby neurons with shared inputs can perform independent parallel computations in the auditory cortex.
  • This suggests a more complex functional organization than previously appreciated, especially when considering subthreshold activity.