A finite element study of stress distributions in normal and osteoarthritic knee joints

To study the stress distributions in normal and osteoarthritic knee joints using the finite element method (FEM).

Three normal and three varus knee joints are included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) images of the lower extremities are used to create 3D geometric models consisting of bones, articular cartilages, menisci, and knee ligaments. Each of the lower extremities includes the femur, tibia, fibula, and talus. Each 3D geometric model is adjusted to the normal standing configuration with the help of its corresponding 2D radiographic image. After that, 3D finite element (FE) models are created from the adjusted 3D geometric models. FEM is then used to obtain stress distributions on the articular cartilages. In the analysis, the displacements on the posterior calcaneal articular surface of the talus are fully fixed. A vertical concentrated force equal to the body weight is applied at the femoral head.

In the normal knee joints, the maximum normal stresses on the articular cartilages in the lateral compartments are always higher than those in the medial compartments. In the varus knee joints, the opposite results are observed. However, in each normal knee joint, the stress distribution on the whole articular cartilage is moderately uniform. On the contrary, in each varus knee joint, comparatively high magnitudes of the normal stress are found on a large area of the articular cartilage in the medial compartment.

Varus knee joints have higher stresses in the medial compartments while normal knee joints have higher stresses in the lateral compartments. This pilot study shows that FE studies are comparable to cadaveric studies. FEM can be used as an alternative method for studying and examining knee joints of patients.